AI and the Longing for The Real

AI and the Longing for The Real

I’ve heard the phrase Artificial Intelligence all of my boomer life. Grok says the phrase goes back to 1955 and a proposal some scientists put together to study the concept. This lead to the “Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence” in 1956 which is regarded as the founding of AI as a formal field of study. I was eight years old when 2001: A Space Odyssey came out, and although the phrase Artificial Intelligence isn’t used in the movie (“machine intelligence” is), AI was by then culturally well known. It hasn’t been until the last several years, however, that the real life implications of AI have become culturally ubiquitous. Along with that have come debates about its value, whether it promises unproblematic endless benefits, or dystopian dangers. And likely plenty of both. I just learned about the history of AI with a simple question to Grok—benefit!

But as sinful human beings are won’t to do, hubris and overreaching is part of the deal. I think that’s where we are. And whenever there is overreaching, as any physicist can tell you, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. The Covid debacle and peak woke are perfect examples. Hundreds of millions of people around the world were driven to question, many for the first time, the “experts” and the managerial class, including in modern medicine. Like me, they decided, also for the first time, that their health is primarily their responsibility and nobody else’s. And tens of millions of people in America decided peak woke was a bridge too far, and turned back to God and traditional morality. I see the same reaction regarding AI, and God is part of that too. When God in his sovereign providence provides the cultural and historical conditions for revelation, we ought to consider taking advantage of it.

I grew up in the era of vinyl records. In the mid-60s big four and then eight track cassette tapes became popular so you could actually listen to your music of choice in the car. Then by the mid-70s little cassette tapes came along, which was mind blowing at the time. Then in the 80s came CDs, and it wasn’t long before vinyl would be dead and gone forever. Uh, maybe not. Everyone said digital was the future, and analogue was passé. Get rid of your records, boomer! Get with the times. It seems, however, analogue waves are more appealing than digits. There are other reactions against all things digital. It’s impossible today to know with any kind of certainty if a picture or video or music is real or AI fake. It’s like living in a world with plastic flowers that look real but have no smell and don’t feel like flowers. How about cars without drivers? For many of us there is something unnerving about that, even as flawed as human drivers can be.

The AI hype seems to have struck a nerve in people who are pining for The Real, the creational order, objective reality as God designed it to be. We can see this in other reactions to what most agree by now is a dying secular culture.

Secularism and the Turn to the Subjective
AI offers us a stark contrast to what I like to call, The Real. This explosion of AI is happening at the same time secularism as an experiment in Western culture is coming to the end of its cultural credibility. The idea of secularism started to develop in the 17th century in response to the wars of religion. Christians killing each other because they disagreed about theology wasn’t real appealing, so Western cultural elites and intellectuals decided to push religion, i.e., Christianity, out of the cultural spotlight, and try to build societies without God. Religious practice became a personal thing, and Pietists went right along with that. It took several hundred years for this to fully infect Western culture, but by the middle of the 20th century, secularism became the default worldview of Western peoples, in effect, the entire world outside of Islam.

Secularism did what C.S. Lewis warned about in The Abolition of Man, turning him inward and making everything in life about the subjective, our feelings, our thoughts, our opinions. Life’s all about me! He famously uses the story of a high school textbook teaching students how the beauty of a waterfall is more about our feelings than about any objective beauty in the waterfall. On the surface this doesn’t appear to be a big deal, but in fact it was the beginning of abolishing human beings as God created them. This is where we find ourselves in this third decade of the 21st century. We got to a point where everything in the culture focused on the individual, “the sovereign self.” The deeper one goes into that self, the deeper one realizes there is nothing there on which to anchor life. That has to come outside of us, something really there, something we can depend on as real.

The indications of the cracks growing in the secular Berlin Wall can be seen in a variety of consequences, but a blatant one is the mental health crisis in our country. I recently received a publication from my Alma Mater, Westminster Seminary Philadelphia, about exactly this. The author starts with statistics from the National Institute of Mental health to make the point:

Over 20% of the population 18 years and older is being treated for a mental illness. For adolescents, 49.5% report having a mental disorder. According to the CDC in 2023, 12.8 million adults seriously thought about suicide; 2.7 million made an actual plan; and 1.7 million went through with it. Depression rates, according to the latest Gallup poll, are at a record high.

Once we reject or ignore God’s created order, and its Creator, we are preparing for disaster. This inevitable descent into the subjective because of secularism was always eventually going to turn out this way. In the book Lewis tells us why objective reality, the real as God created it, is so important:

It is the doctrine of objective value, the belief that certain attitudes are really true, and others really false, to the kind of thing the universe is and the kind of things we are.

The mental health crisis is a result of people being deluded into seeing themselves as something they are not, embracing lies about who they are and what the world is. The delusions are why disaster is inevitable, a form of God’s judgment on rebellious humanity.

The title of the first chapter in which this quote is found is called, “Men Without Chests.” In the classical understanding of man, he is three-fold: the mind, the upper, and the appetites, the lower, and in between is the chest where magnanimity and sentiments are trained so they might become “the indispensable liaison officers between the cerebral man and the visceral man.” Without that training, to put it crudely, we’re screwed.

The Craving for the Real
I’m convinced, in general, people crave what is Real more than what they feel. This is because they are created in God’s image and live in God’s creation; postmodern relativism will always eventually disappoint. We can’t make up our own reality no matter how hard we try. By definition, postmodern relativists have a tenuous grasp of reality because they think they get to determine what reality is. Their take is a slippery one, like living their lives walking on rocks through a shallow rushing river. Why would that be? If our epistemology—what we know and how we come to know it—is based on what is inside of us, then how can we ever really trust what we think we know? Maybe what I’m thinking about at the moment is just a bit of indigestion, as C.S Lewis once said. Or maybe the conclusion I’ve come to about such and such is only some Freudian trauma I’ve experienced with my mother or father.

Postmodernism requires us to believe there is no there, there, and what might be there only has relevance because of my thoughts about it. It’s really always a guessing game. Postmodernists may say, “That’s true for you, but not for me,” and believe it, but they really have no idea, and deep down they know it. Such a shaky hold on existence is the logical conclusion of the triumph of the subjective. By contrast, The Real is truth, not just an abstract philosophical concept, but things as they actually are.

If there is a God, then he made reality a certain way. Sure, sometimes because of our sinful, rebellious hearts we want to do it our way, but the hope is that it doesn’t take too long for us to realize our ignorance or stupidity. We are all born ignorant and stupid; it’s called sin.

The Real can also be seen in the creational order, the way God created it to be. If we follow that order, life gets easier. For example, we might deny the objective reality of absolute moral values, but our denial doesn’t mean they don’t exist, or that we get to determine those values. I’ve heard it said that we can no more break God’s physical laws than we can break his moral laws without consequences. Both are part of the very fabric of existence. Postmodern relativists, however, affirm physical laws but believe they can define moral laws. Reality doesn’t work that way. Take sexual morality, for instance. There is a reason God established monogamy between one man and one woman as the moral norm for sexual relationships. Flout it, have sex with whomever you want whenever you want, and you could die. Embrace it, and no sexually transmitted disease will ever touch you. As I often say, “That’s the way the world works.” You do it God’s way, in other words, and chances are things will work out well. If you do it your own way, good luck. I love what Isaiah tells us in this regard:

He will be the sure foundation for your times, a rich store of salvation and wisdom and knowledge; the fear of the LORD is the key to this treasure (33:6).

It is this solid foundation that as we come to the end of this secular age that is becoming increasingly appealing to an increasing number of people.

How Ancient Greeks Help Us to Understand the Real
Ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle can be of some assistance when we discuss The Real. They believed in and argued for the existence of objective goodness, beauty, and truth—something countercultural in an age awash in the vagaries of postmodern relativism, yet what every human being believes exist and longs for.

What humans experience of goodness, beauty, and truth, Plato argued, points to the universal or the ultimate form of these things; they exist in life because they exist ultimately. Aristotle, a student of Plato, took his mentor’s thoughts in a more empirical direction: the real for him lay in the thingness of the thing itself, and not in some universal idea of it. Thus, there is a certain dogness in dogs; dogs have the nature of dogness. Roses have a roseness, and so on. This is not as silly as it sounds, and it is perfectly biblical. In Genesis 1 God created everything “according to their kinds.” Things are the way they are for a reason; we can’t wish them to be other than they are, as many Western cultural elites are trying to do with the current debate over gender. Is gender a malleable concept, based on what we feel or think, or is it rooted in the order of creation, “male and female he created them”? The answer is obvious.

It will make more sense if you consider Aristotle’s concept of Telos, or purpose, the ultimate object of a thing. All things in created reality have a reason for being, whether created by humans or God. Their purpose or end defines them. Tim Keller says, “Unless you know the telos of something, what it is for, you can’t make right judgments about whether the thing is good or bad.” It is readily apparent that a hammer has a different telos, or purpose, than a nail. It would be odd to see someone trying to “hammer” a hammer with a nail: Seriously, dude, I think you have that backward.

Everything of human origin has an obvious purpose, and when it comes to creation, the concept is every bit as relevant. I have a simple example that took place in a discussion I had with a friend about something called same‑sex marriage (which assumes sex, male‑female, has nothing to do with why marriage exists). He thought Christians were being unreasonable and judgmental to deny homosexuals the opportunity to marry and be happy; he was adamant the Bible didn’t forbid it. Every biblical argument I tried to make hit a brick wall. Then I brought up the idea of telos. I told him it is evident that the human anatomy, male and female, clearly has a telos. Without getting graphic, it’s clear to any objective observer that certain body parts have an obvious designed end, a purpose for which they were created, and homosexuality doesn’t fulfill those purposes. It’s like trying to “hammer” the hammer with a nail. He got a strange look on his face, stopped, and said, “I’ve never thought of that.” The Bible didn’t open his mind, but telos did.

I’ll end this little foray into the ancient Greeks with a short excursion into nominalism and realism. The Associate Pastor at our church, Rev. John Ravell, is philosophically well read, and young (only 34), and in an e-mail exchange about something related to the ideas in this post, he said modern people are “basically hyper-nominal” as opposed to being grounded in philosophical realism which goes back to the ancient Greeks and Medieval philosophy. I love that phrase. Nominalism as a philosophy was developed by William of Ockham (1287-1347) in a debate with those who espoused realism. A simple overview of nominalism comes from Chat GPT:

Only individual things really exist; general categories or abstract properties are just names we give them. For example:

  • You see many red objects: an apple, a stop sign, a shirt.
  • A realist philosopher might say there is a real universal property called “redness” that all these things share.
  • A nominalist says there is no separate thing called “redness” existing independently — we simply group similar objects under the label “red.”

The word comes from the Latin nomen, meaning “name.”

This was a huge shift in Western Christian culture. Richard Weaver in his wonderful book, Ideas Have Consequences, said this was a profound “change which came over man’s conception of reality.” Indeed it was. Instead of being grounded in an objective reality of things that exist independent of our perceptions of them, we’re awash in a world of meaningless particulars, puzzle pieces with no puzzle or bigger picture into which they fit. As my young pastor friend put it, “We don’t believe in realism anymore. We have a hard time even articulating what it would look like to believe in realism, but it’s exactly in line with a biblical worldview and imagination.” He added, this leads modern people who “attempt to say something about the whole always fixating on the parts, which leads invariably to paralysis.” As Weaver puts it perfectly in the book,

The issue ultimately involved is whether there is a source of truth higher than and independent of man; and the answer to the question is decisive for one’s view of the nature and destiny of humankind. . . . The denial of universals carries with it the denial of everything transcending experience. . . . which means inevitably—though ways are found to hedge on this—the denial of truth. With the denial of objective truth there is no escape from the relativism of “man the measure of all things.”

This was written 78 years ago in 1948. Weaver couldn’t imagine, although he wouldn’t be surprised, the depths of absurdity people have gotten to by living in figments of their own imagination. It is exactly such absurdity that is opening an increasing number of people to The Real, and leading them back to the Creator, for from him and through him and to him are all things. To him be the glory forever! Amen.

 

 

The Culture Project and Societal Transformation

The Culture Project and Societal Transformation

I mentioned The Culture Project in a recent post, and I decided I needed to share my thoughts about the importance of Christian cultural transformation in more detail. Not only is Christian influence on society critical for the long term health and flourishing of society, but it’s also an important piece of advancing the kingdom of God on earth. I’ll get to that below, but The Culture Project was a non-profit I started in 2008 after I realized almost 20 years of conservative and Christian futility was because we had ignored the importance of culture in the transformation of our nation. We conservative Christians were so focused on politics figuring the culture would take care of itself. It most certainly will not. The late great Andrew Breitbart said, “politics is downstream from culture.” I believe that’s true, to a degree. Public policy and laws are extremely important and have cultural implications, but without cultural transformation long term political effectiveness, which means governance from a conservative and Christian perspective, is a pipe dream.

The vision for my non-profit was to recruit young people into what I called professions of cultural influence, like media, entertainment, law, education, etc., and teach them about the importance of their faith and a Christian worldview for their profession. I envisioned a kind of mentoring project yet on a cultural scale. I’ve since come to see it as a different, more expansive visionary kind of discipleship, something I wasn’t aware of at that time in my Christian journey. We tend to view discipling of children or other young people as a “spiritual” endeavor having to do with their relationship with Jesus, which it is, but that’s not all it is. We bring our faith into everything we experience, and it impacts everything we do, even the most mundane aspects of our daily lives, including our careers, family lives, entertainment, hobbies, everything. We are to have, and teach to our children, a Christian world and life view, and to teach and share that with everyone in our circle of influence.

Christianity over the last several hundred years turned primarily into a personal affair about our relationship with God and our personal holiness. As anyone who is at all familiar with my work will know, this descent into a totally personal faith is a result of Pietism which eventually developed into revivalism and fundamentalism. Along with dispensational eschatology, this truncated version of the faith eventually took over Evangelical Christianity in the 20th century. A unique confluence of cultural streams came together in the 19th century to turn Christianity inward, and destroy the cultural influence it once had. Let’s address that first before we look at the biblical case for cultural engagement.

The Cultural Streams Leading to Christian Cultural Irrelevance
The 19th century was a profound civilizational turning point in Western history, the transition century from a Christian Western civilization to a secular one. It took until the 1960s to fully dominate, but forces that had been building since the Reformation, through Pietism, and the Enlightenment all exploded in the 1800s. Specifically, rationalism, that we can know things apart from God’s revelation in Scripture by human reason alone, developed alongside the scientific revolution. This built into Western culture a faith in human progress melding nicely, and disastrously, with a kind of postmillennial eschatology that had nothing to do with actual, biblical, postmillennialism. A substantial slice of Christianity toward the end of the 18th century was becoming increasingly liberal, which can be seen in a widespread rejection of the Trinity. This effectively turned Christianity into moralism which rejected the gospel of the divine supernatural and transforming power of Christ’s atonement, and the power of the Holy Spirit. Christianity, on a personal and societal level, was turned into moralism by human effort alone.

The father of liberal Christianity is Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834), a German theologian who attempted to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity. That reconciliation, as did the liberal Christianity coming in its wake, swallowed the naturalistic assumptions of rationalism hook line and sinker. That means miracles and the supernatural really can’t happen, which provided the foundation for German higher criticism, an intellectual movement in German universities that completely eviscerated the true meaning of the Bible. That in turn became the foundation of liberal Christianity in America as American scholars went to Germany to learn the latest and greatest about Bible scholarship.

At the same time in the latter part of the 19th century scientific and technological progress was exploding, and Christians in Western culture were convinced there was nothing mankind could not achieve to bring a version of the kingdom of God to earth. Christian politician, and three-time nominee for president with the Democrat Party, William Jennings Bryan, echoed what most Christians believed prior to World War 1:

Christian civilization is the greatest that the world has ever known because it rests on a conception of life that makes life one unending progress toward higher things, with no limit to human advancement or development.

Bryan, a conservative Christian, wasn’t an outlier, but this vision of endless progress toward higher and better things was more in line with a secular version of postmillennialism than biblical postmillennialism. As J. Gresham Machen in Christianity and Liberalism argued, liberal Christianity having rejected supernatural biblical religion was another religion all together. H. Richard Niebuhr captured this perfectly in a book called, The Kingdom of God in America, written in 1938. Speaking of the nature of this basically secular version of Christianity, he says it presents

A God without wrath brought men without sin into a kingdom without judgment through the ministrations of a Christ without a cross.

It simply could not be said any better. This was the version of Christianity coming out of the 19th century developed in the first few decades of the 20th century into what came to be called the fundamentalist-modernist controversies. While the Bible-believing conservative fundamentalists were basically saving Christianity, at the same time they were losing the culture to secularism. The cultural turning point came with the “Scopes Monkey Trial” in 1925. The cultural irrelevance and caricature of conservative Christianity started here, although as we see the foundation had been laid for several hundred years, including the rise of Darwinian evolution. With the trial it became the official creation myth of secular America.

The revivalism of the mid to late 19th century combined with the new eschatology of dispensationalism basically set the stage for the 1960s and what came afterwards, secular dominance of Western culture. This assertion seems counterintuitive to most Christians, but revivalism and dispensationalism turned Christianity inwards. Christians still complained about sin in society, but that’s about it. In addition to all the various influences I mentioned above, the gospel and salvation, especially with the rise of D.L. Moody and revivalism, came to mean going to heaven when you die, and growing in personal holiness while you’re here. In this view of things, which came to dominate fundamentalism in the next century, cultural influence was merely accidental and had nothing to do with real, “spiritual” Christianity. By the 1950s the die was cast, and whatever influence Christianity had in American and Western culture was slowly dying.

Some Christians realized this wasn’t a good thing. For example, Billy Graham and some others started calling themselves Evangelicals to differentiating them from cultural hating fundamentalists. They founded Christianity Today and Fuller Seminary in Pasadena, California. In 1968 Francis Schaeffer wrote The God Who is There, and started what became a robust focus in Evangelical Christianity on worldview and apologetics. Today, more Christians than ever understand the importance of Christian cultural influence, and slowly but surely the church is breaking out of its fundamentalist aversion to cultural engagement. Pietism is still dominant, so the case continually has to be made that the impact of the Christian faith is meant for more than our individual lives or the church, but entire nations. Christianity is in fact a culture project! Why is that?

Abraham, The Patriarchs, and God’s Blessing the Nations
The whole point of redemptive history is to bless the nations, not just individuals within those nations. I’ve just been reading through Romans as I write this, and this morning I read Romans 15. Paul is speaking about the promises to the Patriarchs, which are the covenantal foundation of our faith. Do you remember what the promises are about? What the purpose of God is in redemptive history? To bless the nations! The Jews seemed to miss the message, but it’s clear God’s plans always included more than Israel and the Jews. Paul does something interesting in this chapter quoting four passages from the Old Testament. He is talking about the gospel going to the Gentiles, which means every person on earth who isn’t Jewish, so that they too might glorify God. Here is what he says:

As it is written:

“Therefore I will praise you among the Gentiles;
I will sing the praises of your name.”

10 Again, it says,

“Rejoice, you Gentiles, with his people.”

11 And again,

“Praise the Lord, all you Gentiles;
let all the peoples extol him.”

12 And again, Isaiah says,

“The Root of Jesse will spring up,
one who will arise to rule over the nations;
in him the Gentiles will hope.”

I looked back at each of these verses in the Old Testament, and almost all the translations use the word nations. Paul uses the Greek word ἔθνος-ethnos, the same word Jesus uses in the Great Commission in Matthew 28. The point is the scope of the gospel’s blessings, those promised to the Patriarchs, going beyond individuals to people groups making up nations. That means the various countries and the cultures they create. That’s what people do when they live together in communities, they create cultures, which includes economics, and law, and art, and education, and science and technology, and entertainment, and architecture, and cities, and transportation, and food, all of it. The point of the gospel, of God’s purposes in redemptive history isn’t to save people’s souls so they go to heaven when they die, or just to make individuals more holy, but to transform their lives and the cultures they create on earth. What does that mean?

What’s the opposite of blessing? That’s easy: curses. Deuteronomy 28 is the well-known blessing and curses chapter where God lays out to his people the blessings for obedience, and the curses for disobedience. The latter is much longer because God wants to get across the point that they really should chose obedience because the option is suffering, which is what brings curses from disobedience. Do you know that the most quoted book from America’s founding generation is the Bible, and the most quoted book in the Bible is Deuteronomy, and the most quoted chapter is chapter 28? America’s founders were not building a secular Republic, but a covenantal Christian nation they desperately wanted God to bless. Without God’s blessing that comes from obedience to his laws they knew there would be curses and thus suffering.

What most Christians seems to miss is that the so called “culture wars” aren’t about “imposing” Christianity on anybody, but about loving our neighbor as ourselves. Remember, when Jesus is asked how he would sum up the greatest commandment in the law, he basically sums up the entirety of the Old Testament like this:

37 Jesus replied: “‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.’ 38 This is the first and greatest commandment. 39 And the second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ 40 All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments.”

This is in fact what the “culture wars” are about, what it means to disciple nations, to create Christian nations in obedience to Jesus’ command.

Our Christian Culture Project and the Kingdom of God
Another way to refer to a Christian nation is the kingdom of God. Jesus and John the Baptist introduced Jesus’ ministry with the exact same words in Matt. 3:2 and Mark 1:15: “The kingdom of God is near” (Matthew uses heaven in his gospel instead of God as his primary audience is Jews). Then Jesus spent three years introducing his people to this kingdom, was crucified, died, buried, raised from the dead, and ascended to the right hand of God to bring the kingdom of God (heaven) to earth. When he said on the cross, “It is finished” (John 19:30), the kingdom manifesting itself in this world was inevitable.

When Jesus taught us to pray, “Thy kingdom come, thy will be done in earth as it is in heaven,” do we think it was wishful thinking prayer? Was he saying, like I interpreted it most of my Christian life, we know the devil has the upper hand “down here,” so we’ll just have to do the best we can and wait till he returns to finally get God’s kingdom on earth? No! I now completely reject that as unworthy of any interpretation of God’s covenantal redemptive purposes in history. When he promised the Patriarchs to bless the nations it wasn’t only  to bless them in the eternal consummated state after sin and death are completely defeated, but on this fallen earth, in our fallen bodies among fallen people, to bring blessing to the nations.

The Apostle John tells us the reason Jesus came to earth (I John 3:8):

The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the devil’s work.

And this isn’t just in our personal lives. The purposes of God in redemptive history, from the Patriarchs to Jesus, were always geared toward nations, ethnos, to people living in community and everything they create. Jesus himself gives us a stark contrast between two diametrically opposite expressions of spiritual reality in this material world (John 10:10):

The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy. I came that they may have life and have it abundantly.

He’s simply saying what he already said to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and confirmed through Moses, David, and the prophets.

So, instead of hiding our light under a basket, instead of keeping the blessing for just our personal lives or within the walls of the church, we’re bringing them into every nook and cranny of existence. Our vision is more expansive, more world encompassing of everything we see and do and experience. Like I said above, it’s a more visionary kind of discipleship, teaching others and our children how their Christian faith impacts everything. Our lives and theirs are in fact, a culture project, bringing of transformation not just to our personal lives and relationships, but to everything we put our mind and hands to. It’s an exciting way to live because Christ didn’t come in futility, but in victory over the works of the devil. Let’s believe that, live it, proclaim it, and live by faith, not by sight, for ours and others’ good, and God’s glory.

My Health Journey and The Development of Modern Medicine

My Health Journey and The Development of Modern Medicine

A couple years back I decided I’d like to write a book about my health journey. Covid was such a radical red pill experience for me, like it was for many others, that it changed completely the way I looked at my health and modern medicine with it. In fact, I started writing it but got waylaid by another book, since finished, and another one I’m now working on. So this will have to wait, but I did start writing it, and want to share some of that here. I can’t share much of the journey, but I want to use how it started and specifically motivated me to learn about where modern medicine came from. We are all born into it, and few question how it got here, or why it is the way it is. Until Covid, most of us had no reason to question it at all.

That was the reason I, and many others, have had a “health journey.” Six years ago the world lost its collective mind. Things happened I and few others, outside of the power hungry perverse, could imagine. For me it was deeply traumatic because I knew it was all a lie from the very pit of hell. It was Satanic in the creepiest sense of the word. It changed everything, in the most literal sense of that word. Hundreds of millions of people could never see things the same way again, including our health and modern medicine, but not limited to just that. I am convinced it also precipitated a great spiritual awakening which we’ve seen develop over the last several years. The story that got me here started what seems a long time ago.

I was born in the late afternoon on Friday, July 29, 1960, on a beautiful sunny day at Hollywood Presbyterian hospital in Los Angeles. California truly was the Golden State then, with people from all over the country and the world flocking there in pursuit of the American dream. It was a wonderful place to be born and raised. I don’t remember much about that day, but my mother told me the doctor scheduled my birth day, induced labor, and I came right on schedule! If you ever see the picture of me on my introduction to this cold, cruel world, you’d say, my, that baby has a lot of hair! All black. I’m Italian, after all. But you would also think I was probably a Chinese baby, a little plump Chinese baby born to Italian parents. How did that happen? Alas, I grew out of the Chinese look and ended up looking like a typical Italian baby and child. There’d be no mistaking me for Chinese when I grew up!

I was of course vaccinated. Vaccines, all agreed, were a miracle of modern medicine, and parents gladly submitted their children to the experts who told them so. At the time there were probably less than ten vaccines on the schedule, and I’m sure I got them all. There are many more today. As a late stage boomer, I was born into a world that worshiped “experts.” To question medical professionals about vaccines, or anything else, would have been unthinkable. Why would you? They’re the experts!

The rise of the expert class was part and parcel of the rise of progressivism of the early twentieth century. Holding the firm conviction that with science and technology no problem seemed too big to overcome, progressives were determined to apply this mindset to everything. Something called “scientific” management or planning by “experts” developed in the nineteenth century given it was the century of hitherto unimaginable progress. The number of inventions exploded, and it seemed there was nothing man could not accomplish with the rise of science and knowledge. By the time I was born, the expert class dominated American society, but it had been in process for almost a hundred years. As an academic, Woodrow Wilson wrote a paper in 1887 arguing for “the science of administration,” which speaks to the rule by “experts.” This rule by experts became the rage in the progressive era of the early 20th century, and in due course the default view of American elites and the American people, until Covid brought it all into question.

My story, or that of any other person who experienced a similar awakening, is better understood when we’re familiar with the world of modern medicine I was born into, and how it became “modern.” The development of medicine as it came to be practiced in the 20th century, was built on two things. One, certain assumptions about the human body and disease, and two, how medical education in America was established and practiced. Let’s look at the fomer first.

Pasteur, Béchamp and Germ Theory
To understand where we are we have to go back to the 19th century and the development of germ theory, which is the foundation of modern medicine. To do that we need to become familiar with the work of two men, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), who everybody has heard of, and Antoine Béchamp (1816-1908), who few people have. Their titanic battle over germ theory is a microcosm of the same battle in the 21st century over health and modern medicine. Once germ theory became the only accepted theory of disease, the rise of modern medicine as we see it practiced today was inevitable.

I did an Internet search for, “Pasteur, Béchamp, and Germ Theory,” and one of the top results is a Wikipedia article entitled, “Germ theory denialism.” I almost laughed when I saw it. Anytime the word denialism is associated with something, you’ll know instantly the accepted cultural elite position on a topic—and it shall not be questioned! You saw that word thrown around a lot during the Covid era when cultural elites worldwide would not allow any questioning of the “Covid is the Bubonic Plague” narrative. I believe it originated with those questioning the Holocaust, so Holocaust denialism became a thing, and after that anyone questioning the accepted narrative, whatever it might be, was labeled a denier. This, of course, is meant to shut off any debate on an issue. Thankfully because of the Gutenberg Press of the 21st century, the Internet, that is increasingly impossible. BTW, if Wikipedia claims something, I will generally believe the opposite. It’s a platform that parrots the acceptable narratives of Western cultural elites. But I digress.

Before I give you my highly simplified version of this debate as I have finally come to understand it, I will quote from a paper arguing for Béchamp’s perspective. The reason I do this before I get to the debate is because all of us have been indoctrinated from birth to believe in germ theory as the unquestioned reality that explains disease. Because of this it is extremely difficult to see it any other way, which is what I’m trying to get you to do. The author states:

We do not catch diseases. . . . The presence of germs does not constitute the presence of a disease. Bacteria are scavengers of nature…they reduce dead tissue to its smallest element. Germs or bacteria have no influence, whatsoever, on live cells. Germs or microbes flourish as scavengers at the site of disease. They are just living on the unprocessed metabolic waste and diseased, malnourished, nonresistant tissue in the first place. They are not the cause of the disease, any more than flies and maggots cause garbage. Flies, maggots, and rats do not cause garbage but rather feed on it. Mosquitoes do not cause a pond to become stagnant! You always see firemen at burning buildings, but that doesn’t mean they caused the fire. . . . [Germ theory] claims that fixed species of microbes from an external source invade the body and are the first cause of infectious disease. The concept of specific, unchanging types of bacteria causing specific diseases became officially accepted as the foundation of allopathic Western medicine and microbiology in late 19th century Europe.

The reason I had a hard time grasping this concept was because for 60 years I had been indoctrinated like everyone else to believe disease as something primarily coming from outside of us, some little invisible thing that invades us and causes the disease. Germ theory also embraces the dogma of a single cause of disease, that specific microorganisms are the sole cause of very specific diseases. Steven Epstein wrote a book in 1996, well before Covid, titled, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. In it he makes this point:

The cornerstone was laid for modern biomedicine’s basic formula with its monocausal microbial starting-point and its search for magic bullets: one disease, one cause, one cure.

The idea that disease already lived inside me was hard to wrap my mind around, and the more difficult concept was that I was the one who determined whether that happened or not. Would that little invisible thing invading me have an inviting space to do its dirty work, or not? That was up to me, not the little invisible thing. Which leads us to the other theory of disease.

Contrary to Germ Theory, Béchamp developed something called terrain theory. The idea of the former is that germs are what we need to worry about, finding ways to kill them off with some kind of medicine once they get inside us. Terrain theory, by contrast, argues that if the body is well and balanced then germs being a natural part of life and the environment will be dealt with by the body without causing disease. In other words, a germ can cause sickness in one person and not another based on the “terrain,” meaning the inner workings of the body’s immune system. A compromised “terrain” means the body’s inner environment makes it susceptible to viruses and parasites, etc. This means it is far more important to work on the terrain of the body than worry about the latest germ or virus going around. It’s all about the dirt, metaphorically speaking.

You can easily infer from the victory of Pasteur and germ theory, modern medicine’s focus on, well, medicine, was a foregone conclusion. In a documentary related to this topic, a doctor pointed out there is a reason we call it medicine given we ingest or consume something as a treatment or cure. You’ll see as we talk about medical education, terrain is well down on the list of the modern medical professional’s priorities, as in pretty much invisible.

The Flexner Report and Modern Medical Education
Few people outside of the medical profession, and I’d wager not many in it, have ever heard of Abraham Flexner and his report, the importance of which cannot be overestimated. The Flexner Report, published in 1910, transformed the nature and process of medical education in America. In 1908 the Carnegie Foundation authorized a study of medical schools in the country, which were visited and assessed based on how the education was then currently practiced. From there Flexner developed criteria on how doctors would be educated and trained in America and thus made acceptable to the American Medical Association. Both the AMA, which was founded in 1847, and Flexner accepted germ theory without question. By then cultural elites in the West could see the practice of healthcare in no other way. This can be seen in many places in the report, but one quote will be sufficient to understand the fundamental assumptions of modern medicine. Speaking of pathology and bacteriology, he says the goal is “to master the abnormal,” and in that context says,

Now the agents and forces which invade the body to its disadvantage play their game, too, according to law.

Something outside of the body invades it and causes “the abnormal,” so the entire medical system became focused not on the patient’s health and enabling the body’s immune system to successfully handle the invaders, but on medicine used to defeat it. On the very next page, however, Flexner seems to contradict himself by saying, the doctor “through measures essentially educational to enforce, the conditions that present disease and make positively for physical and moral well-being.” This and only one other minor reference to a more holistic approach is about it because by that time the assumptions of germ theory were dominant among the elites in the medical profession. Science was seen as all powerful, while God’s creation, the human body and the immune system, was the victim of forces beyond its control. Man would save the day and defeat disease though his ingenuity.

Henry S. Prichett, the president of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching at the time, said the report was basically agnostic regarding which kind of healthcare the medical professional practiced, as he claims in the introduction:

In making this study the schools of all medical sects have been included. It is clear that so long as a man is to practice medicine, the public is equally concerned in his right preparation for the profession, whatever he calls himself—allopath, homeopath, eclectic, osteopath, or whatnot. It is equally clear that he should be grounded in the fundamental science upon which medicine rests, whether he practices under one name or under another.

This in practice, however, would not be the case. Once the “scientific standards” were set by the “experts,” anyone straying from them would be considered something of a quack not to be entrusted with the license of an educated medical practitioner. To that end, Flexner succeeded in aligning medical schools along the university model as the standard for all medical schools. This orientation had its origins in German medical education as American educators and physicians became enamored of university medical schools in Europe. One of the results is that schools ignored what they considered “outdated and unscientific methods,” so doctors received minimal nutritional education and defaulted to treatments primarily with pharmaceuticals. Flexner writes:

The only authoritative competent to pass on such values are trained experts. The entire matter would be in their hands if the state boards should in every state delegate the function of evaluating entrance credentials to competently organized institutions of learning.

Such institutions of learning accepted the pharmaceutical paradigm for medicine which was the inevitable result of germ theory and the rise of science, in addition to a class of “experts” believing medicine was required to heal disease. The profit motive, as well, cannot be ruled out given the financial backers of the report were two of the richest men in the world, Carnagie and John D. Rockefeller. They certainly had philanthropic motives and believed in the cause, but they also likely believed they could bring the production model to the medical profession through the primary cures of disease, medicine.

The rise of what we now call Big Pharma was built into this new university model of medical education. After the report, funding was only given to schools following its recommendations. Those that didn’t get the money couldn’t compete, so alternative schools of medicine disappeared. The challenge with nutritional or holistic healthcare is that there’s no money in it. You can’t patent something readily available from nature like you can something from a lab, which is why I was almost 61 years old before I first heard the saying, “food is medicine.” In addition to the challenge of the profit motive, insurance companies believe they have no incentive to cover anything other than medicine, and they often won’t work with holistic doctors. Keeping people healthy so they don’t need medicine or medical care in the first place is a terrible business model!

Of course, Flexner and those who supported him had the best of intentions, as do those in the modern medical profession, but they were terribly naïve about the monster they were creating. When I read this sentence I had to laugh, sadly, especially in light of the entire Covid debacle:

Scientific medicine, therefore, has its eyes open; it takes its risks consciously; it does not cure defects of knowledge by partisan heat; it is free of dogmatism and open-armed to demonstration from whatever quarter.

Remember, this was written in 1910 when science was the unquestioned, benevolent, and all powerful god of the age who would never disappoint but only bring untold blessings to all the peoples of the earth, or something like that. Flexner and his supporters, including the entire Western cultural elite, missed the little fact that science is practiced, and its results applied and implemented, by sinful human beings. Thus it can never be free of “partisan heat” or “free of dogmatism,” and as we saw with Covid, it most definitely is not “open-armed to demonstration from whatever quarter.” In fact as currently practiced, modern medicine is the exact opposite of all these. If, for example, you question the efficacy of vaccines, you are automatically discounted as a “denier.” My journey, in fact, became filled with denialism, and I realized my health is ultimately my responsibility, my lifelong journey, and the learning never ends.

This doesn’t mean modern medicine doesn’t bring blessing because it does in abundance. If you get hit by a bus, have a heart attack, or some other catastrophic thing happens to you, modern medicine is the greatest. Medicine when it’s necessary, like treating infections with anti-biotics, is priceless. We just need to realize our health is up to us, and God has provided everything we need to be healthy and productive into old age. Then we will get to spend eternity in a new resurrected body free from pain, disease, and death.

 

 

Uninvented and the Unlikely Apostle Paul

Uninvented and the Unlikely Apostle Paul

I wrote my book Uninvented because as I studied apologetics, the defense of the Christian faith, I consistently came across the argument that the Bible and the stories contained therein could not have been made up, were not mere human fiction as critics have insisted for several hundred years. The Apostle Paul is a powerful piece of the argument.

The Apostle Paul is probably the most influential figure in all human history (without Paul no one may have ever heard of Jesus). While some radical skeptics don’t even believe Jesus existed, nobody, not one historian or scholar would ever claim Paul did not exist. For an ancient, Paul was a voluminous writer, and ancient writers are much harder to dismiss. What we find in our New Testament is probably a small portion of his actual letters. The question isn’t whether the Apostle Paul existed, but most troubling for the skeptic is the question: how did Saul become Paul? Paul’s conversion is difficult for the skeptic to explain away. I once heard someone say how unlikely his conversion would have been. Not unlikely as in, wow, that’s surprising, but . . . . that just can’t be! He gave a couple examples of equally unlikely conversions. Imagine Winston Churchill becoming a Marxist. Or Hitler becoming a Jew. The Hebrew Pharisee Saul becoming the Christian Apostle Paul is every bit as inconceivable.

Paul’s conversion is the primary thing skeptics must explain away. For them, Jesus couldn’t have appeared to Paul on the road to Damascus because, well, Jesus was dead, and dead people don’t come back to life. Therefore, Jesus couldn’t appear to Saul, as he was then named. See how this works? But the radical conversion of Paul is one of the most well-attested facts of the ancient world, and nobody denies it, so it must be explained. Only the supernatural elements need to be, for the skeptic, explained away. I haven’t done any in depth study of those who engage in such anti-supernatural arguments for Paul’s conversion, but I’m confident they’d be even less persuasive than the anti-supernatural arguments for the empty tomb and the subsequent growth of the church. The only real option explaining away Paul’s conversion is psychological (Paul thought he saw the risen Jesus), and then engage in some Freudian or Jungian analysis of his upbringing and mental state, and heap conjecture upon conjecture. Or maybe they should just believe Paul’s own testimony (Gal. 1):

11 I want you to know, brothers, that the gospel I preached is not of human origin. 12 I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it; rather, I received it by revelation from Jesus Christ.

13 For you have heard of my previous way of life in Judaism, how intensely I persecuted the church of God and tried to destroy it. 14 I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people and was extremely zealous for the traditions of my fathers. 15 But when God, who set me apart from my mother’s womb and called me by his grace, was pleased 16 to reveal his Son in me so that I might preach him among the Gentiles, my immediate response was not to consult any human being. 17 I did not go up to Jerusalem to see those who were apostles before I was, but I went into Arabia. Later I returned to Damascus.

18 Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. 19 I saw none of the other apostles—only James, the Lord’s brother. 20 I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie.

Galatians is one of Paul’s “undisputed” letters, meaning scholars of even the most skeptical stripe are convinced Paul wrote it. Thus, we have a choice: either what Paul says here is true, and we believe his assurance, or he is lying. Those anti-supernaturalists, though, insist there is a third option. While Paul obviously didn’t see Jesus on that road, he wasn’t in fact lying because he thinks he is telling the truth. That whole “road to Damascus” experience only happened in his head, maybe with some natural explanation for bright lights and such, but Paul really, really thought he saw Jesus, thus he wasn’t lying.

The problem with this anti-supernaturalist reading is the historical record. The only reason we know this happened on a road to Damascus is because Luke records the event in Acts 9, and as a companion of Paul on his missionary journeys Luke likely got the story from the horse’s mouth, so to speak. We know he was a close brother and friend of Paul because they spent a lot of time together, as we learn from what are called the “we passages” in Acts where Luke moves from describing events in the third person, to the first person. For example, in Acts 16:10-17 Luke writes, “After Paul had seen the vision, we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them.” Paul also says of Luke in his letters that he was “the beloved physician” (Col. 4:14). He tells Timothy when he was in Rome, “Only Luke is with me” (1 Tim. 4:11). He also calls Luke one of his “fellow workers” (Phil. 1:24). Luke knew Paul as well as anyone, and there is nothing about what happened on the road to Damascus to suggest it was merely a psychological event in Paul’s brain. Here is how Luke describes what proved to be the greatest inflection point in human history (Acts 9):

Meanwhile, Saul was still breathing out murderous threats against the Lord’s disciples. He went to the high priest and asked him for letters to the synagogues in Damascus, so that if he found any there who belonged to the Way, whether men or women, he might take them as prisoners to Jerusalem. As he neared Damascus on his journey, suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the ground and heard a voice say to him, “Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?”

“Who are you, Lord?” Saul asked.

“I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting,” he replied. “Now get up and go into the city, and you will be told what you must do.”

The men traveling with Saul stood there speechless; they heard the sound but did not see anyone. Saul got up from the ground, but when he opened his eyes he could see nothing. So they led him by the hand into Damascus. For three days he was blind, and did not eat or drink anything.

We’ll discuss the Saul of “murderous threats” below, but we’re again confronted with the perpetual question any Bible reader must answer: Is this historical? Did it happen, or not? The writers of the gospels, including Luke, were clearly attempting to write history. Without a question begging anti-supernatural bias, we are free to assess the evidence of the text itself, and not read our prejudice into it. With bias, we must conclude it’s made up. Without bias it is straightforward history of a supernatural event. It was also not Paul alone having the experience, but several others witnessed it. Something happened, and it happened instantly. In Damascus, the Lord appeared to a man named Ananias, and he told him to go and lay his hands on Saul to restore his sight. Ananias’ reply reflects the Saul everyone knew about, and the one they were expecting:

13 “Lord,” Ananias answered, “I have heard many reports about this man and all the harm he has done to your saints in Jerusalem. 14 And he has come here with authority from the chief priests to arrest all who call on your name.”

After being rebuked by the Lord for questioning him, Ananias goes to see Saul, and his sight is restored. It is difficult to explain what happened next unless it really happened:

Saul spent several days with the disciples in Damascus. 20 At once he began to preach in the synagogues that Jesus is the Son of God. 21 All those who heard him were astonished and asked, “Isn’t he the man who raised havoc in Jerusalem among those who call on this name? And hasn’t he come here to take them as prisoners to the chief priests?” 22 Yet Saul grew more and more powerful and baffled the Jews living in Damascus by proving that Jesus is the Messiah.

It would be like being in a worship service at a Jewish synagogue in Nazi Germany in the mid-1930s and seeing Adolf Hitler come waltzing in wearing a prayer shawl and yarmulke. There would be a lot of cases of severe whiplash. To see and hear Paul preaching about Jesus as the Messiah mere days after getting to Damascus was every bit as shocking as Hitler embracing Judaism. A mere hallucination can’t explain it. And nobody could make it up because it was Paul’s declaration of his conversion for the rest of his life. How best to explain it? God!

A Hebrew of Hebrews and Mission to the Gentiles
As for the “murderous threats,” the conversion of Saul is most plausibly explained by it happening exactly as Luke describes it. The reason is found in why he was so rabidly anti-Christian. Saul’s parents obviously had big plans for the young man, and he was sent from his hometown of Tarsus to Jerusalem to study under one of the great Rabbis of the day, Gamaliel. Known as something of a moderate, his pupil Saul most certainly would not be. Steeped in Judaism, it defined everything about him. In Paul’s own words we see him recount his Jewish bona fides in Philippians 3 and Acts 22. In the latter he then goes into detail about his conversion experience and encounter with Jesus of Nazareth. I imagine Paul recounted his coming face to face with the risen Jesus many times during his life, and every time he believed it was real. The only plausible explanation for his life and influence on world history is that his   encounter with Jesus was indeed real, not a figment of his imagination.

What is every bit as radical and unexpected as Paul’s conversion was his teaching and missionary obsession. The reason for the latter was the former. Until Paul, religion had never been considered universal in scope. The Jews should have known better because God’s promise to Abraham was that through him, and thus Israel, all the nations of the earth would be blessed (Gen. 12). The Lord gave them an important hint through Isaiah (42:6, 49:6) when He said Israel would be “a light to the Gentiles.” By the time of Jesus, however, Jews wouldn’t even eat with Gentiles, let alone be a light and blessing to them. For the pagans it was the same but for quite different reasons. Martin Goodman explains why in Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations:

The sense of mission set Christians apart from other religious groups, including Jews, in the early Roman empire. The notion that it is desirable for existing enthusiasts to encourage outsiders to worship the god to whom they are devoted was not obvious in the ancient world. . . . On the contrary, it was common for pagans to take pride in the local nature of their religious lives, establishing a special relationship between themselves and the god of a family or place, without wishing, let alone expecting, others to join in worshiping the same god. Christians in the first generation were different, espousing a proselytizing mission which was a shocking novelty in the ancient world. Only familiarity makes us fail to appreciate the extraordinary ambition of Paul, who seems to have invented the notion of a systematic conversion of the whole world, area by geographical area.

Spoken like a true question begging anti-supernaturalist! We’re supposed to believe Paul “invented” this notion of converting the entire world all by himself? He made it up because of some non-supernatural “experience” as he was going to persecute the followers of “the Way”? Then he immediately starts proclaiming the message of those he was supposed to be persecuting? Not only that, but in doing so he goes against every cultural instinct of literally every single person in the world, Jew and pagan alike, including fellow followers of “the Way”? Somehow, he comes up with the notion out of nowhere that every person in the world needs to believe this? I don’t think so. A better, more believable, and plausible explanation is God!

The God ordained nature of Paul’s mission becomes more apparent when we understand the dynamic of the early Jewish church, and the intense struggle he had moving outside the bounds of Judaism. We see this played out in Acts and described by Paul in his epistles as he confronts the Judaizers. It’s difficult to imagine what would motivate Paul to invent an idea so against the religious expectations of the entire world without divine intervention. There are plenty of other examples of why it was so difficult for Paul to take the gospel beyond Judaism, both in Jerusalem with the other Apostles and on his missionary journeys. For the latter as he was speaking to Jews and they rejected the message, he told them he was going to the Gentiles and it made them furious.

On the Pagan side of the equation, what Paul was doing was equally as disturbing to them as it was to the Jews. Syncretism was the religion of the ancient pagan world, and to require someone to give up every allegiance for just one God or one religion was unheard of at the time, and deeply unpopular. Even though Jews rejected such Syncretism, they never had a vision or mission to turn all pagans into Jews. Christianity for Paul was world conquering or nothing, and Paul doesn’t invent that all by himself.

There is also the issue of Paul’s world transforming teaching which I can’t get into in any depth here, but will briefly mention broad areas of Paul’s teaching that radically contrast with his Jewish upbringing, and Jewish teaching of the time. These like his missionary zeal could never have been invented by Paul himself, or what would become the Pauline theology of Romans, Galatians, Ephesians, etc. It had to be revealed to him. The Messiah of Jewish expectation was not a sin-bearing redeemer who would be punished for the sins of his people. There is not even a trace of such an idea in pre-Christian Jewish literature. Where, then, would Paul have come up with such an idea if not in the Judaism he was raised and immersed in? It is not there. Another area of Paul’s teaching that was mind blowing and incomprehensible to Jew and Gentile alike is found throughout his letters, and can be summarized in these words from Galatians 3:28:

There is neither Jew nor Greek, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.

The implications of this verse turned every cultural assumption of every person in the ancient world upside down and inside out. It would have been positively ludicrous to even say such a thing at the time, let alone believe and try to live it. Yet, there was Paul teaching it throughout the Roman empire as the logical conclusion of God redeeming his people in Christ and saving them from their sin. It was so radical at that it can plausibly be argued no one at the time could have invented it on their own, and it was only that it was in fact true, and revealed, that it eventually transformed the world.

 

The Cleansing of the Temple and God’s Coming Judgment on Israel

The Cleansing of the Temple and God’s Coming Judgment on Israel

I’m currently writing a book about AD 70, which if you’re not familiar with that date, is why I’m writing the book. Every Christian should be taught the theological and redemptive-historical significance of the destruction of Jerusalem, which Jesus predicted in the Olivet Discourse (Matthew 24, Mark 13, Luke 21). I’m working on a chapter which I’ve titled, “Jesus’ War with the Jewish Religious Professionals”; they didn’t get along very well. One story I’m looking at in this contentious relationship is Jesus’ cleansing of the temple, its theological and redemptive-historical significance.

I discovered an interesting connection of the temple cleansing with the Old Testament from a sermon by Doug Wilson about Leviticus 14 where the Lord tells Moses and Aaron how they are to cleanse a house from mold after they enter the Promised Land. It’s fascinating how the Lord prefaces his instructions: “and I put a spreading mold in a house in that land.” Mold just doesn’t show up “naturally,” but God is sovereign even over mold! Sin and sinful human beings are under God’s sovereign control as well, not in any way we could understand or that mitigates personal responsibility, but nothing or no one happens outside of his dominion, that he in some way causes or allows; nothing surprises him.

We read of three significant redemptive-historical events in Matthew 21, Mark 11, and Luke 19: the Triumphal Entry, the cleansing of the temple, and Jesus cursing a fig tree. Jesus was teaching in the temple courts and the chief priests and elders confront him, ““By what authority are you doing these things?” they ask. “And who gave you this authority?” Jesus, as he often did, asked them a question, and he would only answer them if they would answer him:

 25 The baptism of John, from where did it come? From heaven or from man?” 

They don’t answer because they feared the people who consider John a prophet, so Jesus won’t answer them; but in fact he does in two parables targeting the religious leaders. The first is the parable of the two sons, only one who in the end does his father’s will. The other is the parable of the tenants. Jesus is declaring judgment upon the Jewish religious leaders, and by extension Jerusalem itself and the entire Jewish religious context, the Old Covenant, which will be carried out in AD 70.

It’s important to place those parables and the judgment Jesus is declaring through them in context. We are getting to the culmination of Jesus’ three years of ministry, and the case he is bringing against the Jewish religious leaders. Just prior, Jesus had entered Jerusalem for his final Passover week in the Triumphal Entry where the people were proclaiming him Messiah. From a prophetic perspective, Jesus is clearly proclaiming himself king of the Jews, and Matthew to emphasize it quotes Zecheriah 9:9 predicting Israel’s king will be coming riding on a donkey. Then as king he cleanses the temple. In The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, the great nineteenth century Jewish Christian convert, historian Alfred Edersheim, compares the first temple cleansing at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry (John 2) with the second one, and calls the latter a “final judicial sentence.” Some scholars think there is only one temple cleansing, and John has a different reason for putting it early in Jesus’ ministry, but I’m inclined to think there are two. John’s gospel was written later, and maybe he sees no need to address something that was already so well known among Christians.

The other reason I think it’s likely two is because a plausible connection can be made between the temple cleansing and the cleansing of a house in Leviticus 14. There was a very specific process If someone sees something like mold in his house, he must go to the priest who will inspect the house and it must be closed for seven days. If the mold spreads the stones must be taken out and discarded, and clean stones put in their place. Then we read:

43 “If the defiling mold reappears in the house after the stones have been torn out and the house scraped and plastered, 44 the priest is to go and examine it and, if the mold has spread in the house, it is a persistent defiling mold; the house is unclean. 45 It must be torn down—its stones, timbers and all the plaster—and taken out of the town to an unclean place.

In the initial cleansing in John 2 Jesus cleaned out the house, but when he came back three years later, the mold had returned so the house is unclean, and now it must be torn down, as indeed it will be, not one stone left on another. Here’s what Jesus says about the temple at the beginning of Matthew 24:

Jesus left the temple and was walking away when his disciples came up to him to call his attention to its buildings. “Do you see all these things?” he asked. “Truly I tell you, not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down.”

Something unclean had defiled both the house and the temple, and since it is unable to be cleansed, the house, and the temple, must be torn down.

The Perversion of The Temple
The temple was the center of Jewish religious life. From the beginning of their inception as a people, the Hebrews, eventually called Jews during the Babylonian exile, were instructed by God to build a tabernacle where God’s presence would dwell with them. All the god’s of the ancient pagan peoples were visible in idols made by human hands. Nobody had ever heard of an invisible God, a God nobody could see, until the Hebrews were rescued by him from their slavery in Egypt. In Exodus 25-30 they were given very detailed instructions on how to build a portable tabernacle where God would dwell with his people; it would represent the visible presence of the invisible God on earth. Prior he had given them his law. He was building a unique people in the world, a holy people set apart for service to and worship of him.

Initially given the Israelites would spend 40 years wandering in the wilderness, the tabernacle would be torn down and reassembled each time to start the journey again and stopped. Once they crossed the Jordan and finally made it into the promised land it settled in Gilgal for a time near Jericho, and then to Shiloh for three hundred years during the time of the Judges, and after several other moves eventually during the time of David made it to Jerusalem. David wanted to build a temple honoring God so he would not dwell in what was basically a tent, but it was not to be. He was given instructions by God which he passed on to his son Solomon who built what we now know as the first temple. It was destroyed some four hundred years later in 586 BC by the Babylonians, and then when the newly called Jews (people from Judea) returned to Jerusalem they started to rebuild it, what came to be known as the second temple. That was finished later that century, and stood as is until Herod in about 20 BC greatly expanded and renovated it. Herod’s grand temple was one of the wonders of the world and the one standing when Jesus lived.

I provide this very brief history lesson on the temple to give us some sense of how important it was to the identity of the Jewish people as Jews. The tabernacle, where God dwelled among his people, once housed in a tent but now in this magnificent building, defined everything about them. Multitudes of Jewish people would stream to Jerusalem several times a year during the Jewish festivals to worship there, and it was inconceivable that it would not always be a presence among them, as indestructible as they were as a people. This was why the disciples of Jesus were so shocked when he told them it would be utterly destroyed, and why as we’ll see his predication lived on in the New Testament church

By the time of Jesus’ ministry, the holiness of the temple had been compromised, or how else could it be turned into a “den of thieves.” Edersheim says the buying and selling taking up much of the temple precincts during Passover was deeply unpopular with the people. He tells us the reason why:

The whole of this traffic—money-changing, selling of doves, and market for sheep and oxen—was in itself, and from its attendant circumstances, a terrible desecration; it was also liable to gross abuses.

The people were stuck and easily ripped off. There was a lot of business going on that week, and likely a lot of people being taken advantage of.

The temple complex is huge, covering about thirty acres divided into several different courts, or sections, with each court getting more restrictive about who could enter it. The largest part opened to everyone was called “the Court of the Gentiles,” and where the vendors set up shop. This is why Jesus in rebuking the Jewish leaders who have allowed this to happen quotes two Old Testament passages speaking specifically to his “judicial sentence” against the Jews (from Is. 56 and Jer. 7):

17 And as he taught them, he said, “Is it not written: ‘My house will be called a house of prayer for all nations’? But you have made it ‘a den of robbers.’”

Nations in Greek is ethnos, peoples, Gentiles, so non-Jews. They’ve basically shut out the Gentiles from coming close to God in the most holy season on the Jewish calendar, and Jesus is furious. In John as the disciples witness the first cleansing, they remembered what David said in Psalm 69, that “Zeal for your house will consume me.” All the way back to Abram in Genesis 12 the entire purpose of their religion was to bless all peoples on earth. So in addition to Jews being taken advantage of, the traders are keeping Gentiles from coming near to God on the holiest season of the Jewish year.

After he has declared his message to the masses, he’s with his disciples and gives a more symbolic picture of what’s to come in the withering of the fig tree. It was rich with leaves, but without fruit. Edersheim comments:

And the judgment, symbolically spoken in the Parable, must be symbolically executed in this leafy fig-tree, barren when searched for fruit by the Master.

Luke who doesn’t address this event, tells us that even before Jesus got to the city, he declared judgment and wept (Luke 19), predicting exactly what would happen in 40 years: 

41 As he approached Jerusalem and saw the city, he wept over it 42 and said, “If you, even you, had only known on this day what would bring you peace—but now it is hidden from your eyes. 43 The days will come upon you when your enemies will build an embankment against you and encircle you and hem you in on every side. 44 They will dash you to the ground, you and the children within your walls. They will not leave one stone on another, because you did not recognize the time of God’s coming to you.”

Specifically, God coming to the Jewish nation in the person of Jesus of Nazareth.

God’s Judgment is Coming Upon the Jews

The Christian church was born into a temple dominated Jewish culture, and initially built in that environment as we see in Acts. It took the stoning of Stephen to force their vision beyond Jerusalem. As Luke tells us, “On that day a great persecution broke out against the church in Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria.” Many Jewish Christians had a difficult time seeing Christianity beyond their Jewish faith, as we also see in Acts. It would take something dramatic to finally break Christianity from Judaism, and Jesus spent his entire ministry warning the Jews, especially the Jewish religious leaders, that judgment was coming upon them. Nobody, until it happened, could fathom it would take the destruction of the temple to accomplish this. The Old Covenant and the old dispensation of relating to God would have to be ripped from them brick by literal brick. We read in Matthew 24 how the disciples were marveling at the grandeur of the temple, and Jesus burst their very substantial bubble:

“Do you see all these things?” he asked. “Truly I tell you, not one stone here will be left on another; every one will be thrown down.”

Then he gives a breakdown of how this will come to pass. You have to imagine they were incredulous. Surely, they must have thought, not the temple. But they all knew the first temple had once been torn down by the Babylonians 600 years previously, so it wasn’t a concept completely foreign to them, but still, it had to be shocking.

When we read Matthew 24 and the other passages in Mark and Luke about it, it’s clear Christians took Jesus’ warning seriously. I came across something making this point I hadn’t noticed before. I’ve read it many times over the years, but being like most Christians, AD 70 didn’t hold much theological significance for me as it now does. When Stephen is seized and brought before the Sanhedrin, he is accused of something indicating Jesus’ teaching about the temples’ destruction is something the early church took very seriously.

12 And they stirred up the people and the elders and the scribes, and they came upon him and seized him and brought him before the council, 13 and they set up false witnesses who said, “This man never ceases to speak words against this holy place and the law, 14 for we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place and will change the customs that Moses delivered to us.” 

They meant the temple. So by that time in the earliest days of the church it was common knowledge among the followers of Jesus. His predicting the destruction of the temple was so shocking, that people not only couldn’t forget it, but told other people about it. It would take many years after it happened for Christians to understand the full redemptive-historical significance of the fall of the temple. In Matthew 26 as he stands before the Sanhedrin, Jesus confirms what he’s been warning the Jews of for three years—he will be returning in judgment. The high priest asks Jesus if he is the Messiah, the Son of God, and he answers:

64 “You have said so,” Jesus replied. “But I say to all of you: From now on you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven.”

To his interlocutor, Jesus had spoken blasphemy, and he would be right if he wasn’t in fact the Messiah, but he is. They all knew Jesus didn’t mean literal clouds because from their Old Testament framework, and Jesus’s, clouds were symbolic of judgment. Many Christians think Jesus is predicting his second coming, but he is telling the men listening to him that they will see this. And in forty years they will.